Prosesor
Prosesor merupakan otak suatu komputer, prosesor ini sering disebut dengan nama Pentium atau AMD ( Advanced Micro Device ). Prosesor adalah komponen terpenting dalam sebuah komputer. Biasanya sebuah prosesor mengusung suatu frekwensi dengan satuan MHz atau GHz. Pentium 4 misalnya mengusung 1,8 GHz, di dalam prosesor tersebut tertanam jutaan transistor yang jarak antar transistor dalam satuan nano meter alias sepermilyar meter. Prosesor sendiri selain di dalamnya mempunyai transistor juga mempunyai memori kontroler, memori kontroler ini menentukan sebuah kerja prosesor, jika suatu prosesor mempunyai memori cache besar maka prosesor tersebut bagus kinerjanya. Biasanya istilah dibidang komputer secara tekhnik disebut L1 cache, L2 cache. L1, L2, dan L3 Cache adalah suatu tempat untuk penampungan data sementara jika Prosesor sedang loading data yang besar Untuk mengantri diproses oleh komputer, data2 tersebut diberikan ruang tunggu di cache tersebut. Soal Performa, tidak bisa ditentukan oleh L1, L2, maupun L3 Cache nya saja tapi juga ditentukan oleh FSB ( Front Side Bus ) alias lebar data, proses Produksi (65 nm, 45 nm, dll) dan juga arsitektur prosesor itu sendiri.
Ciri prosesor, jika anda mempunyai komputer Pentium 4 lawas maka anda mempunyai prosesor dengan socket 478. Maksudnya di prosesor ada pin sebanyak 478. Sedang prosesor terbaru sekarang tidak menggunakan pin, pin sendiri dipindah ke mainboard. Hanya prosesor AMD saja yang masih menggunakan model socket. Pentium adalah merupakan kode dagang, sekarang penamaan pentium sudah tidak lagi dipakai dan diganti dengan istilah Core !
Biasanya dalam pembelian prosesor ada heat sink dan kipasnya, heat sink adalah semacam besi/alumium/tembaga untuk menyeraop panas prosesor.
Prosesor dibagi dengan segmen class .. kalo keluaran Intel Procesor dikenal dengan Intel Pentium dan Intel Celeron, lho apa bedanya ? memang keduanya keluaran Intel, yang membedakan kedua prosesor itu selain penamaan jeroan isinya juga berbeda, perbedaan ini ditentukan dengan besaran L1 dan L2 cache, katakanlah prosesor Intel Celeron itu versi murah atau ekonomisnya sebuah prosesor keluar Intel
Nama Intel® Celeron® sebenarnya dibuat untuk membuat prosesor dengan harga lebih terjangkau (murah) dibanding yang dinamakan Intel® Pentium® 4 atau Intel® Pentium® III pendahulunya yang juga didampingi dengan produksi Intel® Celeron®. Intel® Celeron® hampir selalu diproduksi dengan L2 cache yang lebih rendah dibanding Intel® Pentium® 4 atau Intel® Pentium® III pada periode pemasaran yang sama. Prosesor ini ditujukan untuk penggunaan yang tidak terlalu berat, meskipun pada suatu masa sebelumnya server yang menggunakan prosesor ini juga dipasarkan oleh Intel. Dengan demikian teknologi dasar yang dipakai memang sama dengan versi yang optimum yaitu Intel® Pentium® 4 tapi dengan pengurangan cache dan harga yang lebih terjangkau. Jadi kalo prosesor Intel Genuine mengusung L2 cache sebesar 1 MB dan Celeron 256 kb tetapi clock speed sama maka kinerjanya juga nggak sama, karena L2 cache itu adalah tempat untuk menaruh data yang diproses prosesor.
Dalam bahasa kerennya Intel Celeron itu adalah Intel Genuine tetapi dipangkas kemampuannya. Intel Celeron tidak ditujukan untuk pemakaian aktifitas komputer yang berat seperti game 3D, video editing, image editing. Biasanya pemakaian Intel Celeron ini untuk kantoran yang tidak membutuhkan komputer yang diajak kerja marathon
Lain halnya dengan prosesor keluaran AMD, AMD juga membagi dua class prosesornya, AMD Ahlon dan AMD Sempron ( dulu Duron ), tetapi prosesor versi ekonomisnya AMD ini sungguh berbeda, kalo versi ekonomisnya Intel Celeron pada awalnya sengaja dibuat, sedangkan AMD Sempron rumor yang beredar adalah prosesor AMD Sempron adalah prosesor AMD Athlon yang tidak lolos uji, sehingga dijadikan prosesor di bawah kelasnya yaitu AMD Sempron ( Duron ). Sehingga acapkali ada orang berani “mengoprek” prosesor AMD Duron menjadi AMD Athlon beneran. Kenapa sih AMD kok nggak setenar Intel ? Bagi kalangan pemakai awam AMD adalah merupakan prosesor yang kurang dilirik. Tetapi bagi kalangan pemakai komputer yang sudah hobby AMD adalah sebuah prosesor dambaan, selain murah, kinerjanya tidak kalah dengan Intel. Kalo saya beli prosesor Intel 2,0 GHz seharga 1 juta, sedangkan AMD dengan speed 1,6 GHz, kinerjanya nggak kalah sama Intel walau harganya lebih murah AMD, AMD sebenernya tidak menggunakan penamaan frekwensi dengan satuan GHz, tetapi menggunakan PR ( Perormance Rating ), misalnya AMD 2000+, clock speednya dalah 1,6 GHZ ! kok bisa ? Artinya jika PR 2000+ bisa dibandingkan dengan Intel Pentium dengan clock speed 2000 MHz atau 2,0 GHz
Clock speed suatu prosesor bukan segalanya, dari pada capek-capek menggenjot clock speed lebih baik meningatkan kinerja sebuah prosesor. Jadi secara kasar, clock speed rendah tetapi bisa menghantam clock speed cepat !
Motherboard
Pembahasan motherboard akan sangat kompleks dan meluas, untuk tahap perkenalan motherboard tak lain adalah papan induk pcb besar, di mana kita semua akan menancapkan hardware yang kita beli. Ada banyak motherboard dari berbagai merk tersebar di toko-toko mangga dua dan lain sebagainya. Contoh motherboard beserta keterangannya lihat gambar berikut :
Keterangan :a. Processor SocketTempat menaruh prosesor, ada yang berbentuk socket 478 pin, LGA 775 dllb. MemoryTempat menancapkan keping memori / RAM tergantung motherboardnya, bisa SDRAM /DDRAMc. NorthbridgeChipset motherboard, atau chipset utamad. AGPSlot VGA AGP ( Accellerator Grapic Port ), kartu VGA untuk memproses gambar / video (rendering )e. PCISlot PCI ( Peripheral Component Interconnect ) seperti modem, kartu suara, firewire, tv tunner card, ethernet cardf. IDEIntegrated Drive Electronic, maksud adalah hardisk IDE ? PATAg. BIOSBasic Input Output System, pengaturan setting mesin komputerh. SouthbridgeChipset kedua motherboardi. SATASerial ATA ( AT Attachment ) AT : Advanced Technology, Hardisk model terbaru SATA
Di motherboard ini semua peripheral menancap, pembelian motherboard harus jeli karena motherboar juga menentukan kinerja sebuah komputer, dimana motherboard ada dua jenis, ya motherboard dengan form factor micro ATX alias motherboard mini dan motherboard ATX.
Kedua motherboard di atas dibedakan atas beberapa hal, pertama yang paling mencolok adalah adanya tempat colokan monitor, istilah umumnya motherboard dengan vga onboard, gambar atas sebelah kiri ada yang dilingkari itu merupakan tempat colokan monitor. Sedangkan motherboard di sebelah kanan adalah motherboard dengan jenis ATX dimana tidak ada tempat colokan monitor, untuk colokan monitor diberi card VGA ( baca VGA Card ) di makalah selanjutnya. Bagusan mana ? Tentu saja yang versi Atx lebih bagus, selain luas sehingga tempatnya agak lega untuk sirkulasi udara di dalam casing. Selain ini tempat untuk menambah peripheral baru lumayan banyak. Lihat warna putih saya lingkari, itu untuk menambah peripheral baru, entah itu modem, soundcard, firewire dll.
RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory) adalah memory sementara atau alat penyimpan data sementara untuk diproses di processor/CPU atau dipindahkan ke tempat lain (misalnya harddisk). RAM tidak bisa menyimpan data, begitu daya listrik mati maka isinya juga hilang. Besaran Ram ditentukan oleh rumus MB ada 128 MB 256 MB 512 MB 1 GB dan seterusnya.
Di dalam ranah komputer mengenal beberapa jenis memori, tetapi saya batasi hanya memori yang masih beredar di pasaran baik second maupun baru.
SDRAMSingle Data RAM adalah memori yang biasa di pakai di komputer Pentium 3 kebawah. kadang ditemukan juga di Pentium 4 awal.
RAM jenis SDRAM adalah dengan istilah PC100 dan PC133
DDRAM ( DDR1 )
Double Data, adalah jenis memori yang dipakai untuk Pentium 4 ke atas *
Memori jenis DDR2 iniada beberapa jenis PC1800 PC2100 PC2700 dan PC3200
DDR2
Perbedaan DDR1 dengan DDR2 bentuknya yang agak mirip dan beda clock, RAM kedua jenis ini tidak bisa dipakai sembarangan DDR2 biasanya dipakai untuk komputer yang berprosesor Dual Core / Core 2 Duo. Lock di mulai dengan PC4200 PC5300 PC6400
VGA ( Video Graphics Array )
VGA Card adalah sebuah peripheral slot ekspansi yang ditancapkan ke motherboard. Fungsi Vga sendiri adalah memproses gambar dan video, kerja komputer terberat adalah memproses gambar, ini pekerjaan yang tidak ringan bahkan bisa dikatakan kerja berat, maka untuk menghindari kerja berat seperti ini dibutuhkan sebuah prosesor lagi, kalo kita mengenal prosesor sebagai otak komputer seperti Intel Pentium / Core 2 Duo / Dual Core / AMD, maka VGA Card juga mempunyai prosesor, prosesor ini diusung oleh dua pabrikan yang selalu berseteru sejak dulu, ATi Radeon yang dimiliki oleh AMD ( prosesor saingan Intel ) dan Nvidia. Besaran VGA sendiri dihitung dari jumlah memori yang diusung misal VGA dengan Ram 128 MB, maka VGA tersebut mempunyai ruang untuk memproses gambar samai 128 MB dan tidak menggambil memori utama komputer ( baca makalah RAM ), berbeda dengan VGA Onboard, untuk motherboard jenis onboard besaran memori mengambil memori utama alias share, jika onoardnya 128 Mb dan sebuah komputer mempunyai RAM 256 maka komputer hanya bekerja dengan RAM 128, karena yang 128 Mb digunakan untuk proses VGA.
Ada dua jenis VGA yang beredar di pasaran, yang membedakan VGA tersebut adalah VGA AGP dan VGA Pcie 16 X
VGA AGP
VGA PCIe 16X
Yang membedakan adalah jenis slotnya ( lihat yang berwarna kuning emas bagian bawah ), dan ini pun juga dibedakan dengan jenis motherboardnya, ada motherboard jenis dengan VGA AGP ada juga motherboard jenis VGA PCIe.
Motherboard dengan VGA AGP
Motherboard dengan VGA PCIe 16X
Hardisk
Hardisk adalah sebuah media penyimpanan yang menggunakan plater atau besi yang tahan banting dalam putaran tertentu, besaran hardisk sekarang ini dalam satuan GB
Contoh gambar hardisk
Sedangkan jeroan hardisk bisa dilihat di bawah :
Ada dua jenis hardisk yang saat ini lazim dipakai untuk komputer rumahan yaitu hardisk jenis PATA dan SATA, perbedaannya pada interface kabel yang dipakai. PATA biasanya dipakai pada komputer model lama
Optik Drive
Drive optik ini gunanya bermacam-macam. Untuk instalasi program komputer ada dua macam yang bersifat ROM dan RW, yang ROM hanya bisa baca dan yang RW bisa untuk membakar /rekam.
Casing
Casing adalah rumah peripheral komputer, coba anda bayangkan jika komputer tanpa casing. Casing sendiri ibarat rumah untuk menaungi peripheral komputer, casing biasanya sudah ada PSUnya alias power suply unit.
Power Supply
Power supply biasanya jadi satu paket dengan casing kecuali anda membeli terpisah, memang jarang membeli casing terpisah dengan psu, kecuali memang suka sama bentukcasing tetapi mengganti psu dengan yang lebih baik.
Terima kasih
Kamis, 18 Maret 2010
Selasa, 16 Maret 2010
hardware
Personal computer hardware
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (September 2009)
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (September 2009)
A personal computer is made up of multiple physical components of computer hardware, upon which can be installed an operating system and a multitude of software to perform the operator's desired functions.
Hardware of a modern Personal Computer.1. Monitor2. Motherboard3. CPU4. RAM Memory5. Expansion card6. Power supply7. Optical disc drive8. Hard Disk9. Keyboard10. Mouse
Inside a custom computer.
Though a PC comes in many different forms, a typical personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts:
The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the rest of the parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. Computer Hardware course is very important for the future because they are now essential in business.
Components directly attached to the motherboard include:
The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan.
The chip set mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.
RAM Stores all running processes (applications) and the current running OS. RAM Stands for Random Access Memory
The BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output System tasks are handled by operating system drivers.
Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound.
Current
The north bridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI Express
PCI Express, for expansion cards such as graphics and physics processors, and high-end network interfaces
PCI, for other expansion cards
SATA, for disk drives
Obsolete
ATA (superseded by SATA)
AGP (superseded by PCI Express)
VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP)
ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial computers)
External Bus Controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the south bridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus.
USB
FireWire
eSATA
SCSI
Contents[hide]
1 Power supply
2 Video display controller
3 Removable media devices
4 Secondary storage
5 Sound card
6 Other peripherals
6.1 Input
//
[edit] Power supply
Main article: Power supply unit (computer)
A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to the other components in a computer. More specifically, a power supply unit is typically designed to convert general-purpose alternating current (AC) electric power from the mains (100-127V in North America, parts of South America, Japan, and Taiwan; 220-240V in most of the rest of the world) to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage between those limits.it's divert high voltage into low voltage
[edit] Video display controller
Main article: Graphics card
Produces the output for the computer monitor. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E, PCI-E 2.0, or AGP), in the form of a graphics card..
[edit] Removable media devices
Main article: Computer storage
CD (compact disc) - the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data.
CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD.
CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.
DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for data storage.
DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD.
DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a DVD.
DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD.
Blu-ray Disc - a high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition video. Can store 70 times as much information as a CD.
BD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc.
BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a Blu-ray disc.
HD DVD - a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format...
Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium. Used today mainly for loading RAID drivers.
Iomega Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.
USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable. Capacities vary, from hundreds of megabytes (in the same ballpark as CDs) to tens of gigabytes (surpassing, at great expense, Blu-ray discs).
Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, used for long term storage and backups.
[edit] Secondary storage
Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.
Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data.
Solid-state drive - a device similar to hard disk, but containing no moving parts and stores data in a digital format.
RAID array controller - a device to manage several internal or external hard disks and optionally some peripherals in order to achieve performance or reliability improvement in what is called a RAID array.
[edit] Sound card
Main article: Sound card
Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade. Most sound cards, either built-in or added, have surround sound capabilities.
[edit] Other peripherals
Main article: Peripheral
In addition, hardware devices can include external components of a computer system. The following are either standard or very common.
Wheel Mouse
Includes various input and output devices, usually external to the computer system.
[edit] Input
Main article: Input
Text input devices
Keyboard - a device to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred to as keys), similar to a typewriter. The most common English-language key layout is the QWERTY layout.
Pointing devices
Mouse - a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface.
Optical Mouse - a newer technology that uses Light to track the surface under the mouse to determine the motion to be translated into cursor movements on the screen.
Trackball - a pointing device consisting of an exposed protruding ball housed in a socket that detects rotation about two axes.
Gaming devices
Joystick - a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots around one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions.
Gamepad - a general handheld game controller that relies on the digits (especially thumbs) to provide input.
Game controller - a specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming purposes.
Image, Video input devices
Image scanner - a device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text, handwriting, or an object.
Webcam - a low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily transferred over the internet.
Audio input devices
Microphone - an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into electrical signals.
[hide]
v • d • eBasic computer components
Input devices
Keyboard · Light pen · Mouse · Microphone · Webcam
Output devices
Monitor · Speakers
Removable data storage
Floppy disk · Compact disc/CD Drive · USB flash drive · Memory card
Computer case
Central processing unit · RAM · Video card · Sound card · Motherboard · Power supply · Hard drive
Data ports
Serial port · Parallel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (September 2009)
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (September 2009)
A personal computer is made up of multiple physical components of computer hardware, upon which can be installed an operating system and a multitude of software to perform the operator's desired functions.
Hardware of a modern Personal Computer.1. Monitor2. Motherboard3. CPU4. RAM Memory5. Expansion card6. Power supply7. Optical disc drive8. Hard Disk9. Keyboard10. Mouse
Inside a custom computer.
Though a PC comes in many different forms, a typical personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts:
The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the rest of the parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. Computer Hardware course is very important for the future because they are now essential in business.
Components directly attached to the motherboard include:
The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan.
The chip set mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.
RAM Stores all running processes (applications) and the current running OS. RAM Stands for Random Access Memory
The BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output System tasks are handled by operating system drivers.
Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound.
Current
The north bridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI Express
PCI Express, for expansion cards such as graphics and physics processors, and high-end network interfaces
PCI, for other expansion cards
SATA, for disk drives
Obsolete
ATA (superseded by SATA)
AGP (superseded by PCI Express)
VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP)
ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial computers)
External Bus Controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the south bridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus.
USB
FireWire
eSATA
SCSI
Contents[hide]
1 Power supply
2 Video display controller
3 Removable media devices
4 Secondary storage
5 Sound card
6 Other peripherals
6.1 Input
//
[edit] Power supply
Main article: Power supply unit (computer)
A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to the other components in a computer. More specifically, a power supply unit is typically designed to convert general-purpose alternating current (AC) electric power from the mains (100-127V in North America, parts of South America, Japan, and Taiwan; 220-240V in most of the rest of the world) to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage between those limits.it's divert high voltage into low voltage
[edit] Video display controller
Main article: Graphics card
Produces the output for the computer monitor. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E, PCI-E 2.0, or AGP), in the form of a graphics card..
[edit] Removable media devices
Main article: Computer storage
CD (compact disc) - the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data.
CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD.
CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.
DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for data storage.
DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD.
DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a DVD.
DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD.
Blu-ray Disc - a high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition video. Can store 70 times as much information as a CD.
BD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc.
BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a Blu-ray disc.
HD DVD - a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format...
Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium. Used today mainly for loading RAID drivers.
Iomega Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.
USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable. Capacities vary, from hundreds of megabytes (in the same ballpark as CDs) to tens of gigabytes (surpassing, at great expense, Blu-ray discs).
Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, used for long term storage and backups.
[edit] Secondary storage
Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.
Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data.
Solid-state drive - a device similar to hard disk, but containing no moving parts and stores data in a digital format.
RAID array controller - a device to manage several internal or external hard disks and optionally some peripherals in order to achieve performance or reliability improvement in what is called a RAID array.
[edit] Sound card
Main article: Sound card
Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade. Most sound cards, either built-in or added, have surround sound capabilities.
[edit] Other peripherals
Main article: Peripheral
In addition, hardware devices can include external components of a computer system. The following are either standard or very common.
Wheel Mouse
Includes various input and output devices, usually external to the computer system.
[edit] Input
Main article: Input
Text input devices
Keyboard - a device to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred to as keys), similar to a typewriter. The most common English-language key layout is the QWERTY layout.
Pointing devices
Mouse - a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface.
Optical Mouse - a newer technology that uses Light to track the surface under the mouse to determine the motion to be translated into cursor movements on the screen.
Trackball - a pointing device consisting of an exposed protruding ball housed in a socket that detects rotation about two axes.
Gaming devices
Joystick - a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots around one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions.
Gamepad - a general handheld game controller that relies on the digits (especially thumbs) to provide input.
Game controller - a specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming purposes.
Image, Video input devices
Image scanner - a device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text, handwriting, or an object.
Webcam - a low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily transferred over the internet.
Audio input devices
Microphone - an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into electrical signals.
[hide]
v • d • eBasic computer components
Input devices
Keyboard · Light pen · Mouse · Microphone · Webcam
Output devices
Monitor · Speakers
Removable data storage
Floppy disk · Compact disc/CD Drive · USB flash drive · Memory card
Computer case
Central processing unit · RAM · Video card · Sound card · Motherboard · Power supply · Hard drive
Data ports
Serial port · Parallel
hardware
Personal computer hardware
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (September 2009)
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (September 2009)
A personal computer is made up of multiple physical components of computer hardware, upon which can be installed an operating system and a multitude of software to perform the operator's desired functions.
Hardware of a modern Personal Computer.1. Monitor2. Motherboard3. CPU4. RAM Memory5. Expansion card6. Power supply7. Optical disc drive8. Hard Disk9. Keyboard10. Mouse
Inside a custom computer.
Though a PC comes in many different forms, a typical personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts:
The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the rest of the parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. Computer Hardware course is very important for the future because they are now essential in business.
Components directly attached to the motherboard include:
The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan.
The chip set mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.
RAM Stores all running processes (applications) and the current running OS. RAM Stands for Random Access Memory
The BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output System tasks are handled by operating system drivers.
Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound.
Current
The north bridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI Express
PCI Express, for expansion cards such as graphics and physics processors, and high-end network interfaces
PCI, for other expansion cards
SATA, for disk drives
Obsolete
ATA (superseded by SATA)
AGP (superseded by PCI Express)
VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP)
ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial computers)
External Bus Controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the south bridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus.
USB
FireWire
eSATA
SCSI
Contents[hide]
1 Power supply
2 Video display controller
3 Removable media devices
4 Secondary storage
5 Sound card
6 Other peripherals
6.1 Input
//
[edit] Power supply
Main article: Power supply unit (computer)
A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to the other components in a computer. More specifically, a power supply unit is typically designed to convert general-purpose alternating current (AC) electric power from the mains (100-127V in North America, parts of South America, Japan, and Taiwan; 220-240V in most of the rest of the world) to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage between those limits.it's divert high voltage into low voltage
[edit] Video display controller
Main article: Graphics card
Produces the output for the computer monitor. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E, PCI-E 2.0, or AGP), in the form of a graphics card..
[edit] Removable media devices
Main article: Computer storage
CD (compact disc) - the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data.
CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD.
CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.
DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for data storage.
DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD.
DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a DVD.
DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD.
Blu-ray Disc - a high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition video. Can store 70 times as much information as a CD.
BD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc.
BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a Blu-ray disc.
HD DVD - a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format...
Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium. Used today mainly for loading RAID drivers.
Iomega Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.
USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable. Capacities vary, from hundreds of megabytes (in the same ballpark as CDs) to tens of gigabytes (surpassing, at great expense, Blu-ray discs).
Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, used for long term storage and backups.
[edit] Secondary storage
Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.
Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data.
Solid-state drive - a device similar to hard disk, but containing no moving parts and stores data in a digital format.
RAID array controller - a device to manage several internal or external hard disks and optionally some peripherals in order to achieve performance or reliability improvement in what is called a RAID array.
[edit] Sound card
Main article: Sound card
Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade. Most sound cards, either built-in or added, have surround sound capabilities.
[edit] Other peripherals
Main article: Peripheral
In addition, hardware devices can include external components of a computer system. The following are either standard or very common.
Wheel Mouse
Includes various input and output devices, usually external to the computer system.
[edit] Input
Main article: Input
Text input devices
Keyboard - a device to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred to as keys), similar to a typewriter. The most common English-language key layout is the QWERTY layout.
Pointing devices
Mouse - a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface.
Optical Mouse - a newer technology that uses Light to track the surface under the mouse to determine the motion to be translated into cursor movements on the screen.
Trackball - a pointing device consisting of an exposed protruding ball housed in a socket that detects rotation about two axes.
Gaming devices
Joystick - a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots around one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions.
Gamepad - a general handheld game controller that relies on the digits (especially thumbs) to provide input.
Game controller - a specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming purposes.
Image, Video input devices
Image scanner - a device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text, handwriting, or an object.
Webcam - a low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily transferred over the internet.
Audio input devices
Microphone - an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into electrical signals.
[hide]
v • d • eBasic computer components
Input devices
Keyboard · Light pen · Mouse · Microphone · Webcam
Output devices
Monitor · Speakers
Removable data storage
Floppy disk · Compact disc/CD Drive · USB flash drive · Memory card
Computer case
Central processing unit · RAM · Video card · Sound card · Motherboard · Power supply · Hard drive
Data ports
Serial port · Parallel
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This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (September 2009)
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A personal computer is made up of multiple physical components of computer hardware, upon which can be installed an operating system and a multitude of software to perform the operator's desired functions.
Hardware of a modern Personal Computer.1. Monitor2. Motherboard3. CPU4. RAM Memory5. Expansion card6. Power supply7. Optical disc drive8. Hard Disk9. Keyboard10. Mouse
Inside a custom computer.
Though a PC comes in many different forms, a typical personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts:
The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the rest of the parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. Computer Hardware course is very important for the future because they are now essential in business.
Components directly attached to the motherboard include:
The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan.
The chip set mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.
RAM Stores all running processes (applications) and the current running OS. RAM Stands for Random Access Memory
The BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output System tasks are handled by operating system drivers.
Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound.
Current
The north bridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI Express
PCI Express, for expansion cards such as graphics and physics processors, and high-end network interfaces
PCI, for other expansion cards
SATA, for disk drives
Obsolete
ATA (superseded by SATA)
AGP (superseded by PCI Express)
VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP)
ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial computers)
External Bus Controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the south bridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus.
USB
FireWire
eSATA
SCSI
Contents[hide]
1 Power supply
2 Video display controller
3 Removable media devices
4 Secondary storage
5 Sound card
6 Other peripherals
6.1 Input
//
[edit] Power supply
Main article: Power supply unit (computer)
A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to the other components in a computer. More specifically, a power supply unit is typically designed to convert general-purpose alternating current (AC) electric power from the mains (100-127V in North America, parts of South America, Japan, and Taiwan; 220-240V in most of the rest of the world) to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage between those limits.it's divert high voltage into low voltage
[edit] Video display controller
Main article: Graphics card
Produces the output for the computer monitor. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E, PCI-E 2.0, or AGP), in the form of a graphics card..
[edit] Removable media devices
Main article: Computer storage
CD (compact disc) - the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data.
CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD.
CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.
DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for data storage.
DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD.
DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a DVD.
DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD.
Blu-ray Disc - a high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition video. Can store 70 times as much information as a CD.
BD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc.
BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a Blu-ray disc.
HD DVD - a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format...
Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium. Used today mainly for loading RAID drivers.
Iomega Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.
USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable. Capacities vary, from hundreds of megabytes (in the same ballpark as CDs) to tens of gigabytes (surpassing, at great expense, Blu-ray discs).
Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, used for long term storage and backups.
[edit] Secondary storage
Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.
Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data.
Solid-state drive - a device similar to hard disk, but containing no moving parts and stores data in a digital format.
RAID array controller - a device to manage several internal or external hard disks and optionally some peripherals in order to achieve performance or reliability improvement in what is called a RAID array.
[edit] Sound card
Main article: Sound card
Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade. Most sound cards, either built-in or added, have surround sound capabilities.
[edit] Other peripherals
Main article: Peripheral
In addition, hardware devices can include external components of a computer system. The following are either standard or very common.
Wheel Mouse
Includes various input and output devices, usually external to the computer system.
[edit] Input
Main article: Input
Text input devices
Keyboard - a device to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred to as keys), similar to a typewriter. The most common English-language key layout is the QWERTY layout.
Pointing devices
Mouse - a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface.
Optical Mouse - a newer technology that uses Light to track the surface under the mouse to determine the motion to be translated into cursor movements on the screen.
Trackball - a pointing device consisting of an exposed protruding ball housed in a socket that detects rotation about two axes.
Gaming devices
Joystick - a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots around one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions.
Gamepad - a general handheld game controller that relies on the digits (especially thumbs) to provide input.
Game controller - a specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming purposes.
Image, Video input devices
Image scanner - a device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text, handwriting, or an object.
Webcam - a low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily transferred over the internet.
Audio input devices
Microphone - an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into electrical signals.
[hide]
v • d • eBasic computer components
Input devices
Keyboard · Light pen · Mouse · Microphone · Webcam
Output devices
Monitor · Speakers
Removable data storage
Floppy disk · Compact disc/CD Drive · USB flash drive · Memory card
Computer case
Central processing unit · RAM · Video card · Sound card · Motherboard · Power supply · Hard drive
Data ports
Serial port · Parallel
cara membuat blog
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Cara Membuat Blog
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function google_ad_request_done(google_ads) {
document.write()
var ad_code = '';
if (google_ads.length == 1) {
ad_code += '';
ad_code += '%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20google_info.feedback_url%20+%20'/">Ads by Google';
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google_ads[0].line2 + ' ' +
google_ads[0].line3 + '%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20google_ads[0].url%20+%20'">' +
google_ads[0].visible_url + '';
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for(var i = 0; i %20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20google_info.feedback_url%20+%20'">Ads by Google';
}
ad_code += '';
ad_code += '%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20google_ads[i].url%20+%20'">' +
google_ads[i].line1 + '' +
google_ads[i].line2 + ' ' +
google_ads[i].line3 + '%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20google_ads[i].url%20+%20'">' +
google_ads[i].visible_url + '';
}
if (google_ads[0].bidtype == "CPC") { /* insert this snippet for each ad call */
google_adnum = google_adnum + google_ads.length;
}
}
document.write(ad_code);
}
google_ad_client = "ca-pub-9879162776784828";
google_ad_output = 'js';
google_max_num_ads = '2';
google_ad_type = "text";
google_targeting = "content";
google_ad_channel = "top_ad_unit";
google_feedback = 'on';
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Membuat Blog Itu Mudah
Pada Lensa ini Anda akan dipandu membuat blog dari blogger.com. Anda akan mampu membuat blog tanpa perlu berdiri terlebih dari kursi Anda saat ini, karena sangat mudahnya.
Contents at a Glance
Langkah 1: Daftar Google
Langkah 2: Daftar Blog
Langkah 3: Membuat Blog
Langkah ke 4 Blog Template
Belajar Membuat Blog Selesai
Lensa Lainnya
more...
Contents at a Glance
Langkah 1: Daftar Google
Langkah 2: Daftar Blog
Langkah 3: Membuat Blog
Langkah ke 4 Blog Template
Belajar Membuat Blog Selesai
Lensa Lainnya
Download eBook Gratis
less...
Langkah 1: Daftar Google
Daftarkan Diri Anda di Google
Lho koq? Koq di Google? Katanya mau ngajarin bikin blog di blogger.com, koq malah di Google? Tidak salah, karena untuk masuk ke blogger, Anda harus memiliki login google.com.Silahkan kunjungi http://www.blogger.com. Anda akan mendapatkan halaman seperti pada gambar dibawah.Jika Anda sudah memiliki login di Google, Anda tinggal login, maka Anda akan masuk ke Control Panel atau Panel Kontrol.Oh ya, Anda bisa memilih bahasa, apakah Bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa Inggris.Untuk kali ini saya anggap Anda belum memiliki login Google.Klik tanda panah besar yang bertuliskan CIPTAKAN BLOG ANDA.Sejauh ini sangat mudah dan akan terus mudah.
Halaman Pertama
Langkah 2: Daftar Blog
Lengkapi Pendaftaran Anda
Setelah Anda klik tanda panah besar yang bertuliskan CIPTAKAN BLOG ANDA, maka akan muncul formulir seperti yang ada pada gambar dibawah ini.Proses ini akan menciptakan account Google yang dapat Anda gunakan pada layanan Google lainnya. Jika Anda sudah memiliki sebuah account Google mungkn dari Gmail, Google Groups, atau Orkut.Satu account Google bisa digunakan untuk mengakses semua fasilitas yang disediakan oleh Google.Jika Anda sudah memiliki accout google, Anda bisa langsung login (masuk). Untuk login ke Google, Anda harus login dengan menggunakan alamat email.Silahkan lengkapi.1. Alamat email yang Anda masukan harus sudah ada sebelumnya. Anda akan dikirim konfirmasi ke email tersebut. Jika Anda menggunakan email palsu atau email yang baru rencana akan dibuat, maka pendaftaran bisa gagal. Anda tidak perlu menggunakan email gmail.com. Email apa saja bisa.2. Lengkapi data yang lainnya.3. Tandai "Saya menerima Persyaratan dan Layanan" sebagai bukti bahwa Anda setuju. BTW Anda sudah membacanya?Setelah lengkap, klik tanda panah yang bertuliskan lanjutkan.
Form Pendaftaran 1
Form Pendaftaran 2
Langkah 3: Membuat Blog
Memilih Nama Blog dan URL Blog
Jika Anda berhasil, Anda akan dibawa ke halaman seperti pada gambar dibawah. Jika gagal? Gagal biasanya karena verifikasi kata Anda salah. Itu wajar karena sering kali verifikasi kata sulit dibaca. Yang sabar saja, ulangi sampai benar. Saya sendiri sampai mengulang 3X.Setelah Anda berhasil mendaftar, Anda akan dibawa ke halaman seperti yang ada pada gambar dibawah. Sekarang Anda mulai membuat blog dengan mengisi nama dan alamat blog Anda.Sebagai contoh, saya menamakan blog tersebut dengan nama Hasna Zahidah. Sssst, jangan curiga, Hasna adalah putri saya. Saya memilih alamat blog dengan alamat http://hasna-zahidah.blogspot.comsebagai alaternatif, bisa juga http://hasnazahidah.blogspot.com.Jika Anda membuat lensa dengan tujuan mempromosikan produk Anda atau produk afiliasi, maka dalam memilih nama, harus berisi nama produk atau jasa yang akan Anda tawarkan. Misalnya jika Anda ingin menjual ebook saya, Anda bisa memilih kata kunci seperti motivasi, sukses, berpikir positif, dan kata-kata kunci lainnya yang sesuai.Anda juga bisa meneliti kata kunci yang paling banyak dicari orang (tentu harus berhubungan dengan produk yang Anda jual) dihttps://adwords.google.com/select/KeywordToolExternalAnda bisa mengecek ketersediaan alamat blog yang Anda pilih. Jika tersedia bisa Anda lanjutkan. Jika tidak tersedia, maka Anda harus kreatif mencari nama lain atau memodifikasi alamat yang sudah ada, misalnya ditambahkan abc, xzy, 101, dan bisa juga dengan menyisipkan nama Anda.Lanjutkan dengan klik tanda panah bertuliskan LANJUTKAN.
Proses Pembuatan Blog
Langkah ke 4 Blog Template
Pilih desain yang sesuai dengan selera Anda.
Berhasil? Tentu saja berhasil, memang mudah koq. Jika berhasil, Anda akan diarahkan ke halaman seperti yang ada pada gambar dibawah.Pilihlah tema yang sesuai dengan selera Anda. Jika tidak ada yang sesui dengan selera Anda, jangan khawatir, nanti masih banyak pilihan tema yang bisa Anda install sendiri. Sekarang pilih saja tema agar proses pembuatan blog bisa diselesaikan. Anda bisa preview tema dengan klik gambarnya.Untuk Memilih tema Anda klik (tandai) bulatannya o seperti pada gambar dibawah. Lihat yang saya tunjuk dengan panah merah buatan saya.Setelah itu Anda klik tanda panah yang bertuliskan LANJUTKAN
Memilih Tema
Belajar Membuat Blog Selesai
Sekarang tinggal posting, pengaturan, dan tata letak
Selamat, sekarang Anda sudah memiliki sebuah blog. Sekarang Anda sudah mulai bisa memposting pemikiran Anda di blog dan dibagi ke seluruh dunia (eh Indonesia).Memang masih ada beberapa hal yang harus Anda lakukan, yaitu pengaturan, tata letak, penambahan eleman, dan penggantian tema jika Anda menginginkan tema yang lain. Ini untuk tingkat lanjut.Setidaknya, Anda sudah memiliki blog dan bisa posting. Hal ini sudah cukup untuk tahap awal. Untuk mendalami masalah Blog lebih dalam, saya anjurkan Anda membaca ebook Nge-Blog Dapat Duit.Pada ebook tersebut, bukan hanya diajarkan cara nge-blog, tetapi juga bagaimana mendapatkan uang dari blog. Saya sendiri sudah membuktikannya, saya mendapatkan uang dari ngeblog. Jangan heran kalau saya rajin ngeblog.
Lensa Lainnya Berikut adalah panduan lainnya yang akan mendukung Anda dalam kegiatan ngeblog. Ngblog perlu kreativitas, oleh karena itu tingkatkan kreativitas Anda. Silahkan baca pada lensa dibawah ini. Ngeblog jelas memerlukan kemampuan menulis? Saya sertakan juga lensa tentang cara menulis. Dan yang terpenting, blog harus dipromosikan supaya banyak pengunjung. Caranya ada pada link dibawah.
Cara Berpikir Kreatif
Merupakan sebuah kenyataan bahwa upaya kreatif berkaitan dengan antusiasme dan gairah dan dikenal sebagai faktor substantial pada tingkat puncak kinerja. Lensa ini akan menunjukan bagaimana cara kita meningkatkan kreativitas. Jangan sampai Anda hany...
Cara Menulis
Menulis itu ekspresi diri, menulis itu menyenangkan, menulis itu bisa menghasilkan uang, dan menulis adalah bagian dari kehidupan kita. Namun sayang, masih banyak orang yang menganggap bahwa menulis itu sulit. Lensa ini akan menunjukan kepada Anda ba...
Promosi Blog
Apakah Anda sudah punya blog? Lalu bagaimana? Tergantung tujuan Anda, jika tujuan Anda membuat blog hanya untuk mencurahkan isi hati dan pikiran tanpa perlu diketahui oleh orang lain, maka sudah punya blog Anda tinggal menggunakannya untuk menulis....
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